HOA - What to know about HOAs

When you purchase a condominium, townhouse, or another type of property in a planned development (PUD) such as a leased land property or a gated community, you are obligated to join that community's Homeowner’s Association (HOA) and pay monthly or annual HOA fees for the upkeep of the communal areas and the building. If you are considering purchasing one of these types of properties, you should be aware of the following things about homeowners' associations and how they work before you buy.

HOA Basics

What are HOAs all about?

HOA fees often range from $200 to $400 per month or up depending on the building and amenities. The more upscale the building and the more amenities it has, the higher the homeowners' association fees are likely to be. In addition to monthly fees, if a major expense such as a new roof or a new elevator comes up and there aren't enough funds in the HOA's reserves to pay for it, the association may charge an extra assessment (special assessment) that can run into thousands of dollars.

Being that multiple parties live in the same building or complex, all residents of condominiums and townhomes must be equally responsible for maintaining the communal areas such as landscaping, elevators, swimming pools, clubhouses, parking garages, fitness rooms, sidewalks, security gates, roofing and building exteriors. Many of these types of communal areas, such as pools and tennis courts, also exist in subdivisions of single-family homes. Regardless of whether the HOA governs a building, such as a condo or townhome structure, or a neighborhood of individual houses, HOA fees help maintain the quality of life for the community's residents and protect property values for all owners.

In addition to maintaining communal areas, HOAs also set out certain rules that all residents must follow called covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs). In a common building, rules may include what color front door you may have, whether you’re allowed to line dry your laundry outside, whether you can have a satellite dish, the size and type of pets permitted, and so on. In many ways, these rules are like the kinds of rules apartment dwellers must follow.


In a subdivision with individual homes, regulations may include what color you can paint your home, the exterior landscaping you can do, the types of vehicles you can park on the street or in your driveway (no RVs, for example), permissible type and height of fences, and restrictions on window coverings for windows facing the street. If you want to do anything that differs from these rules, you will have to convince the HOA to grant

you variance, which may be difficult to have approved and probably unlikely.


No matter where you live, you are likely to be subject to city ordinances and restrictions related to the use of your property. HOAs add yet another layer of restrictions, and because their members are more likely to know what you're up to, the HOA is more likely to enforce the rules. Review some of the rules and regulations you need to know about prior to deciding to join one of these communities.

What you need to know

While there are laws governing the behavior of HOAs, these associations can still have a powerful impact on your rights as a homeowner. Before buying a property in a community that has an HOA you should learn the rules.

  • Learn the HOA's rules

    Learn the HOA's rules


    You may be able to find an HOA's CC&Rs online as well as information about what happens if you violate a rule. Make sure any online information is current. If you cannot find this information online, ask your real esate agent to acquire these documents for you or contact the HOA yourself.


    Pay attention to rules regarding fines and whether the HOA can foreclose on your property for nonpayment of HOA dues or fines resulting from CC&R violations. Also, learn about the process for changing or adding rules, and whether HOA meetings are held at a time you will be able to attend if you wish to do so. If the rules are too restrictive, consider buying elsewhere.

  • Make sure the home you want to buy is not already out of compliance with HOA rules

    Make sure the home you want to buy is not already out of compliance with HOA rules


    Buying into an existing problem can be a headache, so find out what the rules are and whether you would have to make changes to the home to comply.

  • Assess environmental practices

    Assess environmental practices


    If environmentally friendly living is important to you, be aware that some HOAs may dictate that you use fertilizers, pesticides, sprinkler systems and whatever else it takes to keep your lawn picture-perfect. They may not allow xeriscaping (an environmentally friendly form of landscaping) and may limit the size of gardens, ban compost piles, and prevent you from installing solar panels. So, make sure you check the fine print first.

  • Consider your temperament

    Consider your temperament


    Are you the type of person who hates being told what to do? If so, living in a community with an HOA may be a very frustrating experience for you. One of the major benefits of homeownership is the ability to customize and alter the property to suit your needs, but HOA rules can really interfere with this.

  • Find out about fees

    Find out about fees


    Fees will differ for each community. Because of this, you should make sure to ask your HOA the following questions:


    • How are HOA fee increases set?
    • How often do increases occur, and by how much have they historically been raised?
    • Can you get a printed history of HOA dues by year for the last 10 years?
    • How large is the HOA's reserve fund?
    • Also, ask for a record of special assessments that have been made in the past and ask if any special assessments are planned for the near future. Note that economies of scale can mean that special assessments are smaller in HOAs covering large communities, higher in smaller HOAs.
    • Find out what the monthly dues cover. Will you still have to pay extra for garbage pickup? Is cable included? Is water included?

    Compare dues for the complex or neighborhood you are considering to the average dues in the area. Keep in mind that you will have to pay for recreational facilities whether you use them or not. Find out the hours for amenities like pools and tennis courts. Will you be around during those hours, or will you be paying for facilities you'll never be able to use? Be aware that the HOA may have rules about how many guests can use common facilities. If guest restrictions are severe, forget about that housewarming pool party you envisioned.

  • Try to get a copy of the minutes from the last meeting or sit in on an HOA meeting before you buy

    Try to get a copy of the minutes from the last meeting or sit in on an HOA meeting before you buy


    The meeting minutes can be very telling about the policies of the HOA. Some questions to ask are:


    • What are current and past conflicts?
    • What is the process for resolving any conflicts?
    • Has the HOA sued anyone? How was that resolved?
    • Has anyone sued the HOA? How was that resolved?

    Be alert for potential drama. Power trips and petty politics can be an issue in some HOA's. Talk to some of the building's current owners, if possible – preferably ones who are not on the HOA board and who have lived in the building for several years. Talk to the HOA president and get a sense for whether you want this person making decisions about what you can do with your property. If a private company manages the HOA, investigate it before you buy. Some HOA's are professionally managed, but it is common for associations to be managed by building residents who hold their positions as volunteers. Even if you like the current HOA board or management company, it can change after you move in and you may end up getting something totally different than what you expected.

  • Watch for under-management

    Watch for under-management


    Not all HOA's are over-managed. The opposite problem may be an HOA where no one really cares and where no one is interested in maintaining the building, making repairs, hearing resident grievances or being on the board. Residents may simply take turns serving as HOA president or randomly appoint someone, so be prepared to serve in this role whether you want to or not if that is the case with your community's HOA.


    This would also be a clever time to check into any restrictions preventing you from renting out your property or that make it difficult for you to do so. If your property is being under-managed you might not have an issue, but if you've got a hyperactive manager it could be a totally different story.

  • Find out what kind of catastrophe insurance the HOA has on the building

    Find out what kind of catastrophe insurance the HOA has on the building


    This is particularly important if you're considering a condo or townhouse purchase and you live in an area that is prone to floods, earthquakes, blizzards, fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, or any other type of potential natural disaster – and that is virtually anywhere.

  • Consider the impact of HOA fees on your short- and long-term finances

    Consider the impact of HOA fees on your short- and long-term finances


    A condo with high HOA fees might end up costing you as much as the house you don't think you can afford.

The Bottom Line: Homeowners' associations can be your best friend when they prevent your neighbor from painting her house neon pink, but your worst enemy when they expect you to perform expensive maintenance on your home that you don't think is necessary or impose rules that you find too restrictive.


Before you purchase a property subject to HOA rules and fees, make sure you know exactly what you are getting into.